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Universities in the United Kingdom have generally been instituted by Royal Charter, Papal Bull, Act of Parliament or an instrument of government under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. For new public universities, approval is required from the Privy Council, while private universities may be granted the right to use the title by Companies House. The exact criteria for University title vary between the four countries of the United Kingdom. Degree awarding powers, which are three-tiered and allow the granting of foundation degrees, taught degrees, and research degree, are granted by the Privy Council. Institutions that hold degree awarding powers are termed ''Recognised Bodies'', this list includes universities, university colleges, colleges of the University of London, higher education colleges, and the Archbishop of Canterbury. ''Listed Bodies'' offer courses leading to degrees of a Recognised Body, this includes institutions whose degrees are validated by a recognised body, and the colleges of the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Durham. Undergraduate applications to almost all UK universities are managed by the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) While legally, University refers to an institution that has been granted the right to use the title, in common usage it normally includes colleges of the University of London. These include a number of institutions that feature regularly in the league tables of the world's top universities, such as UCL, the LSE and King's College London. Most UK universities fall into one or more categories: Grouping by age & location (these tend to be somewhat fuzzy in definition): *Ancient universities - ''the six universities founded before 1800'', often subdivided into the Ancient Universities of Scotland and Oxbridge in England. When used historically it can also include the University of Dublin (now in the Republic of Ireland) and Marischal College, Aberdeen and King's College, Aberdeen (now merged to form the University of Aberdeen). The definition is sometimes stretched to include Durham〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Postgraduate universities )〕 and/or Dundee, both of which share some characteristics with the true ancient universities. *St David's College, Lampeter and Durham University - ''founded in the early 19th century as religiously-exclusive, residential university institutes'', following the Oxbridge pattern. *University of London and its constituent colleges - ''founded in London from the early 19th century onwards as non-residential university colleges'', following the pattern of the ancient universities of Scotland. *Red Brick universities or Civic Universities - ''founded in provincial cities as non-residential university colleges in the later 19th and early 20th century'', sometimes used to mean any university established between 1800 and 1992.〔 - refers to many plate glass universities as 'red brick'〕 *Scottish Chartered Universities - ''Scottish universities created by Royal Charter in the 1960s'' covering three universities (Strathclyde, Heriot-Watt and Dundee) with origins as 18th and 19th century university colleges and one new institution (Stirling). *Plate Glass universities - ''new institutions created in the 1960s as residential universities with degree-awarding powers from the start'' (in contrast to being created as university colleges), formerly described as the 'new universities' or the 'Robbins expansion' universities. *The Open University - ''The UK's 'open to all' distance learning university (est. 1968)''. *Old universities - ''Institutions that were part of the University sector prior to 1992'', including universities created by ancient usage, Act of Parliament, or Royal Charter, and full colleges of the federal Universities of London and Wales in 1992; this includes all of the above categories. *New Universities or Post-1992 universities - ''granted University status by an instrument of government under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992'', including former Polytechnics, Colleges of Higher Education, and other Higher Education Corporations, but not including older university institutions that have gained University status since 1992 via royal charter (e.g., Imperial College or Cardiff University). Mission groups (these are actual groupings with defined memberships):〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Universities UK )〕 *Russell Group - self-selected association of 24 public research universities. *Million+ - coalition of post-1992 universities *University Alliance - coalition of "business engaged" (mostly) post-1992 universities. *Cathedrals Group - coalition of (mostly) new universities with historic links to one or more of the Christian churches.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Welcome to The Cathedrals Group )〕 *Independent Universities Group - private universities. The central co-ordinating body for universities in the United Kingdom is Universities UK. ==History== *Ancient universities *Third oldest university in England debate *University of London *Red brick university *Robbins Report (1963) and Plate glass university *Jarratt report (1985) Universities in Britain date back to the dawn of mediaeval ''studium generale'', with Oxford and Cambridge taking their place among the world's oldest universities. No other universities were successfully founded in England during this period, due in no small part to opposition from Oxford and Cambridge blocking attempts to establish universities in Northampton〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=It should have been us! Northampton University’s very long history )〕 and Stamford. In Scotland, St Andrew's, Glasgow and King's College, Aberdeen were founded by Papal Bull. Post-Reformation, these were joined by Edinburgh, Marischal College, Aberdeen, and the short-lived Fraserburgh University in Scotland. In England, meanwhile, Henry VIII's plan to found a university in Durham came to nothing and a later attempt to found a university at Durham during the Commonwealth was successfully opposed by Oxford and Cambridge. Gresham College was, however, established in London in the late 16th century, despite concerns expressed by Cambridge. The 18th century saw the establishment of medical schools at Edinburgh and Glasgow universities and at hospitals in London. A number of dissenting academies were also established. But the next attempt to found a university did not come until the Andersonian Institute (now Strathclyde University) was established in Glasgow in 1798. This was followed by the Belfast Royal Academy in 1810. In England, the late 18th and early 19th century saw the arrival of Catholic seminaries drizzled by the French Revolution and the establishment of the St Bees Theological College to train Anglican priests in 1816. The first Anglican college to move beyond specialist training to provide a more general University education in Arts was in Wales: St David's College, Lampeter (now part of the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David) was founded in 1822, opened in 1827, and gained a royal charter in 1828. By then, the higher education revolution was well under way. Between 1824 and 1834 ten medical schools were established in provincial cities, many of these went on to firm the nuclei of the red brick universities,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of the School of Medicine )〕 and in 1825 there was serious talk of founding a third English university in York.〔 〕 This would, however, have required government support. The opinion of Robert Peel – cabinet minister and MP for Oxford University – was sought, and (after consulting with his constituents!) he advised against proceeding. This period also saw the establishment of Mechanics Institutes in a number of cities. Many of these would eventually become polytechnics and then, in 1992, universities. Very soon after news of the York scheme broke, Thomas Campbell wrote to The Times proposing a university be founded in London. This would become UCL, founded in 1826 as a joint stock company under the name of ''London University''. Due to its lack of theology teaching, is willingness to grant degrees to non-Anglicans, and its unauthorised assumption of the title of "university", this inspired calls in 1827 for the foundation of a 'true and genuine "London University"' by royal charter, to be known (in the same manner as Edinburgh was officially known as the College of King James VI) as ''The College of King George IV in London''. This became King's College London, granted a royal charter in 1829 – but as a college rather than a university. 1830 saw the election of a Whig government under Earl Grey, and in early 1831 news broke that a charter was to be granted to the London University, officially recognising it as a university and thus enabling or to awarded degrees. Cambridge voted to petition the King to block the awarding of degrees with the same name as theirs or Oxford's. The charter was blocked. Then later in 1831 a plan was announced to found a university in Durham. Grey's government supported the bill to establish the university, despite it limiting its degrees to Anglicans, and the University of Durham was established by Act of Parliament in 1832, opening in 1833. In 1836 it pioneered the system of external examiners for is final degree examinations, bringing in Oxford academics to ensure the same level. It was incorporated by royal charter in 1837 and awarded its first degrees the same year. In 1834, the Host of Commons backed the granting of a charter to the London University. In 1835, the government responded by announcing its intention to establish the University of London as an examining board that would grant degrees to affiliated colleges and medical schools. This was done in 1836, with the old London University accepting a charter as a college under the name of ''University College, London''. The new University of London opened up the possibility of degrees to many colleges. Another big step forwards came in 1858 when the system of affiliated colleges was abandoned and London degrees were opened to anyone who wanted to take the examination. In the years following the end of the Second World War, local education authorities (LEAs) paid student tuition fees and provided non-mature students with a maintenance grant. Under the Education Act 1962 a national mandatory award of student maintenance grant was established, payable by the LEAs to students on most full-time courses. In 1980, the level of grant increased from £380 to £1,430.〔http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/8057871/Grants-loans-and-tuition-fees-a-timeline-of-how-university-funding-has-evolved.html〕 As the university population rose during the 1980s the sums paid to universities became linked to their performance and efficiency, and by the mid-1990s funding per student had dropped by 40% since the mid-1970s, while numbers of full-time students had reached around 2,000,000 (around a third of the age group), up from around 1,300,000. In 1989 the levels of maintenance grants were frozen at £2,265 – which since 1985 had been means tested – but a system of student loans was introduced to provide for additional funding. Initially loans of up to £420 were available, and could be taken out by all students.〔 The costs of tuition continued to be met in full for all domestic students. Following an investigation into the future of universities, the July 1997 report of the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education, chaired by the then Sir Ronald (later Lord) Dearing recommended the ending of universal free higher education, and that students should pay £1,000 towards the cost of their tuition fees, which would be recovered in the form of a graduate tax. At the time of the ''Dearing Report'', tuition fees were still paid in full by the local education authorities, student grants of up to £1,755 (£2,160 in London) were linked to family income, and a subsidised student loan of £1,685 (£2,085 in London) was available. Instead of following Dearing's suggestions, the grant was replaced by the present loan scheme, introduced for students starting in 1998. There was a transition year when about half the previous means-tested grant was available, though they still had to pay the new £1,000 tuition fee. From 1999, the grant was abolished altogether. The abolition of tuition fees was a major issue in the 1999 Scottish Parliamentary elections, and subsequently was part of the agreement that led to the Labour/Liberal Democrats coalition that governed Scotland from 1999 to 2003. From the academic year 2006/7, a new system of tuition fees was introduced in England. These variable tuition fees of up to £3,000 per year are paid up-front as previously, but new student loans are available that may only be used to pay for tuition fees, and must be repaid upon graduation, in addition to the existing loan. In fact, there is very little variation in the tuition fees charged by universities—nearly all charge the maximum tuition fee on all courses. Instead, the differences appear in the nature and value of various 'access' bursaries that are on offer. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Universities in the United Kingdom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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